Arthun et al v. Nexus Surgical Innovations Inc et al, No. 2:2020cv00292 - Document 28 (E.D. Wash. 2020)

Court Description: ORDER DENYING 14 NUVASIVE, INC. & NEXUS SURGICAL INNOVATION, INC.'S 17 MOTIONS FOR PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION. Signed by Judge Rosanna Malouf Peterson. (AY, Case Administrator) Modified on 12/3/2020 to add (Service of Notice on parties not registered as users of the Court CM/ECF system accomplished via USPS mail.) (AY, Case Administrator).

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Arthun et al v. Nexus Surgical Innovations Inc et al Case 2:20-cv-00292-RMP ECF No. 28 Doc. 28 filed 12/03/20 PageID.392 Page 1 of 31 1 FI LED I N THE U.S. DI STRI CT COURT EASTERN DI STRI CT OF WASHI NGTON 2 Dec 03, 2020 SEAN F. MCAVOY, CLERK 3 4 5 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT EASTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON 6 7 8 MATT ROBINS, an individual; RONALD VICTOR ARTHUN, an individual; Plaintiffs, 9 10 v. 12 NUVASIVE, INC.; NEXUS SURGICAL INNOVATIONS, INC., a Washington State corporation, 13 Defendant. 11 NO: 2:20-CV-292-RMP ORDER DENYING NUVASIVE, INC. & NEXUS SURGICAL INNOVATION, INC.’S MOTIONS FOR PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION 14 15 BEFORE THE COURT are motions by NuVasive, Inc. (“NuVasive) and 16 neXus Surgical Innovations, Inc. (“neXus") to enjoin former employees Mr. Matt 17 Robins, ECF No. 14, and Mr. Ronald Arthun, ECF No. 17, from violating the 18 restrictive covenants in their “Confidential Information, Inventions, Nonsolicitation 19 and Noncompetition Agreements” (“Agreement”). These Agreements were entered 20 into by Mr. Robins and Mr. Arthun as a prerequisite to their employment with 21 ORDER DENYING NUVASIVE, INC. & NEXUS SURGICAL INNOVATION, INC.’S MOTIONS FOR PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION ~ 1 Dockets.Justia.com Case 2:20-cv-00292-RMP ECF No. 28 filed 12/03/20 PageID.393 Page 2 of 31 1 neXus. See ECF Nos. 21-1, 22-1. NuVasive is a third-party beneficiary to the 2 Agreements. ECF Nos. 21-1 at 7, 22-1 at 7. 3 A hearing was held on this matter on November 24, 2020, at which all parties 4 were represented, and the entry of a preliminary injunction was contested. Upon 5 consideration of the attorneys’ arguments, record, relevant statutes, and case law, the 6 Court is fully informed. 7 The Complaint against Mr. Robins is filed in Case No. 2:20-cv-331-RMP, 8 ECF No. 1, the “Robins Complaint.” The Complaint against Mr. Arthun is filed in 9 Case No. 2:20-cv-342-RMP, ECF No. 1, the “Arthun Complaint.” 10 11 BACKGROUND NuVasive is a medical device company focused on product development for 12 the surgical treatment of spinal disorders. Robins Complaint at 2. NuVasive’s 13 products are marketed by exclusive sales agents, such as neXus. Id. NeXus had a 14 sales territory encompassing all or part of Washington, Montana, Utah, Wyoming, 15 and Idaho. Id. 16 Mr. Robins 17 Mr. Robins was hired by neXus in December 2018 and began working as a 18 Spine Associate for neXus on January 7, 2019. ECF No. 1-1 at 4. Upon being 19 offered employment, Mr. Robins received a copy of the “Confidential Information, 20 Inventions, Nonsolicitation and Noncompetition Agreement.” ECF No. 21-1. 21 NuVasive is a third-party beneficiary of the Agreement. Id. at 7. Mr. Robins’ initial ORDER DENYING NUVASIVE, INC. & NEXUS SURGICAL INNOVATION, INC.’S MOTIONS FOR PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION ~ 2 Case 2:20-cv-00292-RMP ECF No. 28 filed 12/03/20 PageID.394 Page 3 of 31 1 gross annual salary approximately was $80,000. Case No. 2:20-cv-331-RMP, ECF 2 No. 1-1 at 1. 3 On August 5, 2019, Mr. Robins received a promotion to the position of Spine 4 Specialist. ECF Nos. 1-1 at 5; 22 at 6. After a trial period, Mr. Robins claims his 5 compensation should have been 100% commission pursuant to the neXus “Standard 6 Spine Specialist Plan.” ECF No 22 at 10–11. However, as of May 18, 2020, Mr. 7 Robins still was being paid a regular monthly salary of approximately $8,333 and 8 was promised that a formal commission plan would follow in the summer of 2020. 9 ECF Nos. 25-2 at 7, 42. 10 Mr. Robins resigned from neXus on May 31, 2020, and immediately became 11 employed in a similar role with a competitor company, Alphatec Spine, Inc. 12 (“Alphatec”). ECF No. 22 at 2. Mr. Robins is alleged to have immediately solicited 13 neXus surgeon-customers on behalf of Alphatec. Id. On June 4, 2020, Mr. Robins 14 purportedly supported a surgery, on Alphatec’s behalf, performed by a former 15 NuVasive/neXus surgeon-customer. Id. at 6–7. 16 Mr. Arthun 17 Mr. Arthun began working for neXus in April 2018 as a Spine Associate. 18 ECF No. 1-1 at 6. Upon being offered employment, Mr. Arthun received a copy of 19 the “Confidential Information, Inventions, Nonsolicitation and Noncompetition 20 Agreement.” ECF No. 21-1. NuVasive is also named as a third-party beneficiary of 21 the Agreement between neXus and Mr. Arthun. Id. at 7. ORDER DENYING NUVASIVE, INC. & NEXUS SURGICAL INNOVATION, INC.’S MOTIONS FOR PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION ~ 3 Case 2:20-cv-00292-RMP 1 ECF No. 28 filed 12/03/20 PageID.395 Page 4 of 31 As a Spine Associate, Mr. Arthun’s job was to assist a Spine Specialist in 2 advising surgeons regarding the use of surgical implants sold by neXus. ECF No. 1- 3 1 at 6. His initial gross annual salary was $72,000. Case No. 2:20-cv-342-RMP, 4 ECF No. 1-3 at 1. In August 2018, Mr. Arthun received a raise and his gross annual 5 salary increased to $96,000. ECF No. 1-1 at 7. 6 On December 13, 2019, Mr. Arthun received a promotion to the position of 7 Spine Specialist. Case No. 2:20-cv-342-RMP, ECF No. 1-3 at 1. As a Spine 8 Specialist, Mr. Arthun’s compensation allegedly was going to be 100% commission 9 based pursuant to the neXus “Standard Spine Specialist Plan.” Id. Mr. Arthun was 10 paid in accordance with the “Standard Spine Specialist Plan” from January 2020 to 11 his resignation in June. ECF No. 1-1 at 7. Mr. Arthun claims that he earned 12 commissions of approximately $56,000 over that six-month period. Id. 13 Mr. Arthun resigned from neXus in June of 2020 and became employed in a 14 similar role with a competitor company, Alphatec. ECF No. 21 at 4. On July 27, 15 2020, Mr. Arthun allegedly supported surgeries at Bozeman Deaconess performed 16 by a former NuVasive/neXus surgeon-customer. Arthun Complaint at 10. NuVasive 17 alleges that Mr. Arthun is soliciting former neXus surgeon-customers in Bozeman, 18 Montana on behalf of Alphatec. Id. 19 / / / 20 / / / 21 / / / ORDER DENYING NUVASIVE, INC. & NEXUS SURGICAL INNOVATION, INC.’S MOTIONS FOR PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION ~ 4 Case 2:20-cv-00292-RMP 1 ECF No. 28 filed 12/03/20 PageID.396 Page 5 of 31 Alphatec 2 NuVasive contends that the spinal hardware industry is highly competitive. 3 Robins Complaint at 3. Industry participants entrust their sales representatives, such 4 as Mr. Robins and Mr. Arthun, with confidential and proprietary information, give 5 them access to their established customers, and often provide them with proprietary 6 training. Id. Alphatec is one of NuVasive’s direct competitors in the spinal 7 hardware industry. Id. at 6. NuVasive claims that it is impossible for Alphatec sales 8 representatives to perform their job without soliciting existing or potential surgeon- 9 customers of NuVasive. Id. at 6–7. 10 Mr. Robins and Mr. Arthun brought suit against NuVasive and neXus alleging 11 breach of contract, recovery of unpaid wages, and a declaratory judgment regarding 12 the Agreements that they entered into with neXus. See ECF No. 1-1. NuVasive and 13 neXus brought suit against Mr. Robins, Case No. 2:20-cv-331-RMP, and against Mr. 14 Arthun, Case No. 2:20-cv-342-RMP, claiming breach of contract for alleged 15 violations of the confidentiality, noncompetition, and nonsolicitation obligations set 16 forth in the Agreements. The cases were consolidated. ECF No. 12. NuVasive and 17 neXus now move for a preliminary injunction to enjoin Mr. Robins and Mr. Arthun 18 from violating the restrictive covenants contained in the Agreements. ECF Nos. 14, 19 17. 20 / / / 21 / / / ORDER DENYING NUVASIVE, INC. & NEXUS SURGICAL INNOVATION, INC.’S MOTIONS FOR PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION ~ 5 Case 2:20-cv-00292-RMP 1 ECF No. 28 filed 12/03/20 PageID.397 Page 6 of 31 LEGAL STANDARD 2 Courts may issue preliminary injunctions to prevent immediate and 3 irreparable injury. Fed. R. Civ. P. 65. Case law emphasizes that a preliminary 4 injunction is an “extraordinary and drastic remedy” that may be granted only upon a 5 “clear showing” that the movant is entitled to such relief. Mazurek v. Armstrong, 6 520 U.S. 968, 972 (1997). A party seeking a preliminary injunction must make a 7 “clear showing” that: (1) it is likely to succeed on the merits; (2) it is likely to suffer 8 irreparable harm in the absence of preliminary relief; (3) the balance of equities tip 9 in its favor; and (4) an injunction is in the public interest. Winter v. Nat. Res. Def. 10 Council, Inc., 555 U.S. 7, 20 (2008). In the Ninth Circuit, courts weigh these factors “on a sliding scale, such that 11 12 where there are only serious questions going to the merits—that is, less than a 13 likelihood of success on the merits—a preliminary injunction may still issue as long 14 as the balance of hardships tips sharply in the plaintiff’s favor and the other two 15 factors are satisfied.” Short v. Brown, 893 F.3d 671, 675 (9th Cir. 2018) (internal 16 quotations omitted). 17 18 DISCUSSION I. Likelihood of Success on the Merits 19 As the moving party, NuVasive and neXus must make a “clear showing” that 20 they are likely to succeed on the merits. NuVasive and neXus argue they are likely 21 to succeed on the merits because the restrictive covenants are enforceable, and Mr. ORDER DENYING NUVASIVE, INC. & NEXUS SURGICAL INNOVATION, INC.’S MOTIONS FOR PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION ~ 6 Case 2:20-cv-00292-RMP ECF No. 28 filed 12/03/20 PageID.398 Page 7 of 31 1 Robins and Mr. Arthun will continue to violate the covenants’ terms through their 2 employment with Alphatec. ECF No. 6-1 at 8. Mr. Robins and Mr. Arthun argue 3 that newly enacted Chapter 49.62 of the Revised Code of Washington precludes 4 success on the merits because the restrictive covenants do not satisfy the statute’s 5 requirements and are, therefore, unenforceable. ECF No. 19 at 6. 6 Accordingly, the Court turns to (1) whether the restrictive covenants at issue 7 are enforceable under Washington State law, and (2) if enforceable, whether the 8 record contains sufficient evidence that Mr. Robins and Mr. Arthun have breached 9 the restrictive covenants that NuVasive and neXus seek to enforce. 10 11 1. Enforceability of Restrictive Covenants A. Noncompetition Covenant 12 Washington State’s new anti-noncompete law, Wash. Rev. Code § 49.62.020, 13 was enacted based on the legislature’s finding that “workforce mobility is important 14 to economic growth and development.” Wash. Rev. Code § 49.62.005. Chapter 15 49.62 applies retroactively to all cases filed after January 1, 2020, regardless of 16 when the cause of action accrued. Wash. Rev. Code § 49.62.100. Although the 17 Agreements at issue were entered into by Mr. Robins and Mr. Arthun prior to 18 January 1, 2020, the sales representatives’ separation from neXus and subsequent 19 employment occurred after January 1, 2020. All three suits consolidated into the 20 present action also were commenced after January 1, 2020. Accordingly, Chapter 21 49.62 applies to this case. ORDER DENYING NUVASIVE, INC. & NEXUS SURGICAL INNOVATION, INC.’S MOTIONS FOR PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION ~ 7 Case 2:20-cv-00292-RMP 1 ECF No. 28 filed 12/03/20 PageID.399 Page 8 of 31 Under the new statutory scheme, noncompetition agreements are void and 2 unenforceable unless they satisfy three statutory requirements. Wash. Rev. Code. § 3 49.62.010; see also A Place for Mom v. Perkins, 2020 WL 4430997 at *5 (W.D. 4 Wash. Jul. 31, 2020). First, prior to or when the employee accepts the offer of 5 employment, the employer must disclose the terms of the noncompete covenant in 6 writing to the prospective employee, and, if the agreement becomes enforceable only 7 at a later date due to the changes in the employee’s compensation, the employer 8 must specifically disclose that the agreement may be enforceable against the 9 employee in the future. Wash. Rev. Code § 49.62.020(1)(a)(i). Second, the 10 employee’s “earnings” must exceed $100,000. Wash. Rev. Code 11 § 49.62.020(1)(b). Third, the employee’s separation cannot result from being laid 12 off. Wash. Rev. Code § 49.62.020(1)(c). The parties dispute whether the first 13 requirement, regarding disclosure as to future enforceability, and the second 14 requirement, regarding the employee’s annual salary, are satisfied. 15 16 i. Disclosure Pursuant to Wash. Rev. Code § 49.62.020(1)(a)(i), the terms of the covenant 17 must be disclosed in writing no later than when the offer is accepted. If the 18 agreement becomes enforceable only at a later date due to the changes in the 19 employee’s compensation, the employer also must disclose specifically that the 20 agreement may be enforceable against the employee in the future. Wash. Rev. Code 21 § 49.62.020(1)(a)(i). Thus, notice of the terms in writing prior to or upon acceptance ORDER DENYING NUVASIVE, INC. & NEXUS SURGICAL INNOVATION, INC.’S MOTIONS FOR PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION ~ 8 Case 2:20-cv-00292-RMP ECF No. 28 filed 12/03/20 PageID.400 Page 9 of 31 1 of employment is not enough if the employee’s compensation initially does not 2 exceed the earnings threshold. An additional disclosure by the employer to the 3 employee with respect to future enforceability is required. 4 Mr. Robins and Mr. Arthun received the Agreements, with the noncompete 5 obligations, upon receiving offers of employment from neXus. ECF Nos. 21 at 2; 22 6 at 4. Section 4 of both Agreements set forth the following terms comprising the 7 noncompetition covenant: 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 4.3 During the Term and for one year after the end of the Term, I will not engage in, be employed by, perform services for, participate in the ownership, management, control or operation of, or otherwise be connected with, either directly or indirectly, any Competing Business. For purposes of this paragraph, I will not be considered to be connected with any Competing Business solely on account of: my ownership of less than five percent of the outstanding capital stock or other equity interests in any Person carrying on the Competing Business. I agree that this restriction is reasonable, but further agree that should a court exercising jurisdiction with respect to this Agreement find any such restriction invalid or unenforceable due to unreasonableness, either in period of time, geographical area, or otherwise, then in that event, such restriction is to be interpreted and enforced to the maximum extent which such court deems reasonable. 15 ECF Nos. 21-1 at 4–5 (Arthun); 22-1 at 4–5 (Robins). The Agreements impose 16 noncompete obligations for a term of one-year. ECF Nos. 21-1 at 4–5; 22-1 at 4–5. 17 There is no dispute that the terms of the covenant were disclosed in writing in a 18 timely manner when Mr. Robins and Mr. Arthun initially were offered employment 19 with neXus. 20 21 ORDER DENYING NUVASIVE, INC. & NEXUS SURGICAL INNOVATION, INC.’S MOTIONS FOR PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION ~ 9 Case 2:20-cv-00292-RMP 1 ECF No. 28 filed 12/03/20 PageID.401 Page 10 of 31 However, when Mr. Robins and Mr. Arthun entered into the Agreements 2 neither of their annual earnings exceeded $100,000. Mr. Arthun had a guaranteed 3 annual salary of $72,000. Case No. 2:20-cv-342-RMP, ECF No. 1-3. Mr. Robins 4 had a guaranteed salary of approximately $80,0000. Case No. 2:20-cv-331-RMP, 5 ECF No. 1-1. NuVasive and neXus argue that because Chapter 49.62 only became 6 effective as of January 1, 2020, the obligations at issue were enforceable and binding 7 on Mr. Robins and Mr. Arthun at the time that they signed their respective 8 Agreements so no additional disclosure as to future enforceability was required. 9 ECF No. 25 at 6. However, this argument ignores the plain language of the statute 10 that the chapter applies to all proceedings commenced on or after January 1, 2020, 11 regardless of when the cause of action arose. Wash. Rev. Code § 49.62.100. It is 12 immaterial that the Agreements’ terms may have been binding on the sales 13 representatives prior to the enactment of Chapter 49.62. As of January 1, 2020, such 14 disclosure was required by law as a predicate to enforcement. 15 Because Mr. Robins’ and Mr. Arthun’s guaranteed annual income did not 16 exceed the current earnings threshold of $100,000 when they were offered 17 employment, the Agreements only would become enforceable at a later date due to 18 changes in their compensation. Wash. Rev. Code. § 49.62.020(1)(a)(i). In such a 19 case, the employer must specifically disclose that the agreement may be enforceable 20 against the employee in the future. The Agreements at issue do not include such 21 ORDER DENYING NUVASIVE, INC. & NEXUS SURGICAL INNOVATION, INC.’S MOTIONS FOR PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION ~ 10 Case 2:20-cv-00292-RMP ECF No. 28 filed 12/03/20 PageID.402 Page 11 of 31 1 disclosure and there is no evidence of an additional disclosure by NuVasive or 2 neXus in the record before the Court. 3 There is also no evidence that NuVasive or neXus disclosed the enforceability 4 of the noncompetition covenant when neXus offered Mr. Robins and Mr. Arthun 5 their respective promotions to the position of Spine Specialist along with the 6 associated raise in compensation. 7 Mr. Robins was promoted to the position of Spine Specialist in August of 8 2019. ECF No. 22 at 6. Mr. Robins maintains that the only Agreement he entered 9 into was at the outset of his employment in December 2018. Id. at 4. The record 10 does not contain evidence indicating otherwise. 11 Mr. Arthun was promoted to the position of Spine Specialist, effective 12 January 1, 2020. Case No. 2:20-cv-342-RMP, ECF No. 1-5. When neXus offered 13 Mr. Arthun the promotion, the offer letter stated that “[a]s a condition of [his] 14 employment, [he] will be required to sign the enclosed Confidentiality, Non 15 competition [sic] and Invention Assignment Agreement”. Id. However, in the 16 record before the Court, there is no Agreement enclosed with the offer letter. Id. 17 Furthermore, Mr. Arthun maintains that he did not sign a new Agreement, and the 18 record does not contain a second executed Agreement between Mr. Arthun and 19 neXus. ECF No. 21 at 3. 20 21 Thus, the noncompetition covenant is unenforceable against Mr. Robins and Mr. Arthun because neXus, as the employer, failed to “specifically disclose that the ORDER DENYING NUVASIVE, INC. & NEXUS SURGICAL INNOVATION, INC.’S MOTIONS FOR PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION ~ 11 Case 2:20-cv-00292-RMP ECF No. 28 filed 12/03/20 PageID.403 Page 12 of 31 1 agreement may be enforceable against the employee in the future,” as required by 2 Wash. Rev. Code § 49.62.020(1)(a)(i). 3 4 ii. Earnings Even if NuVasive or neXus had made the required disclosures, which the 5 Court finds no evidence to support, the parties also dispute whether the second 6 statutory requirement, regarding the employee’s compensation, satisfies the required 7 $100,000 benchmark. See Wash. Rev. Code § 49.62.020(b). 8 9 A noncompetition covenant is void and unenforceable “[u]nless the employee’s earnings from the party seeking enforcement, when annualized, exceed 10 one hundred thousand dollars per year.” Wash. Rev. Code § 49.62.020(b). 11 “Earnings means the compensation reflected on box one of the employee’s United 12 States internal revenue service form W-2 that is paid to an employee over the prior 13 year, or portion thereof for which the employee was employed, annualized and 14 calculated as of the earlier of the date enforcement of the noncompetition covenant is 15 sought or the date of separation from employment.” Wash. Rev. Code § 16 49.62.010(1). 17 NuVasive and neXus argue that the statute contemplates prorating and 18 annualizing earnings from the date of separation for the remainder of the year; thus 19 Mr. Robins’ and Mr. Arthun’s projected earnings for the entire year 2020 are 20 relevant and exceed $100,000 when annualized. ECF No. 18 at 10. Mr. Robins and 21 Mr. Arthun contend that the statute calls for a retrospective analysis of the ORDER DENYING NUVASIVE, INC. & NEXUS SURGICAL INNOVATION, INC.’S MOTIONS FOR PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION ~ 12 Case 2:20-cv-00292-RMP ECF No. 28 filed 12/03/20 PageID.404 Page 13 of 31 1 employee’s earnings. ECF No. 19 at 6–7. The Court agrees with Mr. Robins and 2 Mr. Arthun that the analysis for “earnings” is retrospective, as opposed to 3 prospective, given the plain language of “prior year, or portion thereof” found in the 4 statutory definition of “earnings.” Wash. Rev. Code § 49.62.010(1). 5 A worker’s “earnings” are calculated on the earlier of “the date of separation” 6 or “the date enforcement of the noncompetition covenant is sought.” Id. However, 7 the calculation looks back to the employee’s previous calendar year and uses box 8 one of the W-2 form. Id. For example, if an employee quits on January 2, 2020, the 9 employee’s “earnings,” for the purpose of the statute, are the employee’s 2019 10 earnings. If in the previous year the employee worked only for a portion thereof, 11 then the earnings are annualized. Id. 12 Here, Mr. Robins and Mr. Arthun’s relevant “earnings” means the 13 compensation reflected on box one of their W-2 forms, paid to them over the prior 14 year. Before 2020, neither Mr. Robins nor Mr. Arthun was paid “earnings” in 15 excess of $100,000 during a twelve-month period. ECF Nos. 21 at 3, 25-2 at 7. 16 Accordingly, the second statutory requirement for enforcement of the 17 noncompetition covenant also is not satisfied. Wash. Rev. Code 49.62.020(b). 18 19 20 B. Nonsolicitation Obligations Mr. Robins and Mr. Arthun argue that the nonsolicitation covenants in the Agreements are not enforceable subsequent to the enactment of Chapter 49.62 21 ORDER DENYING NUVASIVE, INC. & NEXUS SURGICAL INNOVATION, INC.’S MOTIONS FOR PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION ~ 13 Case 2:20-cv-00292-RMP ECF No. 28 filed 12/03/20 PageID.405 Page 14 of 31 1 because they do not fall within the statutory definition of “nonsolicitation 2 agreement.” ECF No. 19 at 8. 3 The statute defines a “nonsolicitation agreement” as “an agreement between 4 an employer and employee that prohibits solicitation by an employee, upon 5 termination of employment: (a) Of any employee of the employer to leave the 6 employer; or (b) of any customer of the employer to cease or reduce the extent to 7 which it is doing business with the employer.” Wash. Rev. Code § 49.62.010(5). In 8 comparison, a “noncompetition covenant” is defined to include “every written or 9 oral covenant, agreement, or contract by which an employee or independent 10 contractor is prohibited or restrained from engaging in a lawful profession, trade, or 11 business of any kind.” Wash. Rev. Code § 49.62.010(4). 12 Although Washington courts previously considered a nonsolicitation covenant 13 as “a type of covenant not to compete,” Chapter 49.62 now distinguishes the two. 14 Pac. Aerospace & Electronics, Inc. v. Taylor, 295 F.Supp.2d 1205, 1215 (E.D. 15 Wash. 2003). The definitions are provided to distinguish “nonsolicitation 16 agreements” from “noncompetition covenants,” the latter of which now has express 17 statutory requirements as a predicate to enforceability. Wash. Rev. Code. § 18 49.62.020. 19 Here, section 4 of both Agreements set forth the following terms: 20 4.1 During the Term and for one year after the end of the Term, I will not induce, or attempt to induce, any employee or independent contractor of neXus Surgical to cease such employment or relationship 21 ORDER DENYING NUVASIVE, INC. & NEXUS SURGICAL INNOVATION, INC.’S MOTIONS FOR PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION ~ 14 Case 2:20-cv-00292-RMP 1 2 ECF No. 28 filed 12/03/20 PageID.406 Page 15 of 31 to engage in, be employed by, perform services for, participate in the ownership, management, control or operation of, or otherwise be connected with, either directly or indirectly, any business that competes with neXus Surgical or NuVasive ("Competing Business"). 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 4.2 During the Term and for one year after the end of the Term, I will not represent, promote or otherwise try to sell within any territory I served for neXus Surgical any lines or products that, in neXus Surgical’s reasonable judgment, compete with NuVasive Products or other products represented by neXus Surgical within that territory and I will not solicit (directly or indirectly) any current or former customers of neXus Surgical or NuVasive to purchase any products or lines that, in neXus Surgical's reasonable judgment, compete with NuVasive Products or other products represented by neXus Surgical within that territory. The one (1) year, post employment period during which the restrictions of this Section are applicable shall toll for any period of time in which I am not in compliance with my obligations. 11 ECF Nos. 21-1 at 4–5; 22-1 at 4–5. In other words, the Agreement prohibits Mr. 12 Robins and Mr. Arthun from (1) inducing or attempting to induce any employee or 13 contractor of neXus to cease such employment to work for a competitor; (2) 14 representing, promoting, or otherwise trying to sell in the territory they served any 15 lines or products that, in neXus’ reasonable judgment, compete with NuVasive 16 Products; and (3) soliciting (directly or indirectly) any current or former customers 17 of neXus Surgical or NuVasive to purchase any products or lines that, in neXus’ 18 reasonable judgement, compete with NuVasive Products. 19 Whereas the first and third restraint fit within the definition of a 20 “nonsolicitation agreement,” the second restraint effectively operates as a 21 “noncompetition covenant.” The prohibition on the sale of competitor products is ORDER DENYING NUVASIVE, INC. & NEXUS SURGICAL INNOVATION, INC.’S MOTIONS FOR PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION ~ 15 Case 2:20-cv-00292-RMP ECF No. 28 filed 12/03/20 PageID.407 Page 16 of 31 1 not limited to former NuVasive or neXus surgeon-customers within the territories 2 serviced by Mr. Robins and Mr. Arthun. By forbidding Mr. Robins and Mr. Arthun 3 from selling a competitor’s products within their previous sales territories, regardless 4 of who the customer is, NuVasive and neXus are preventing the sales representatives 5 from engaging in their profession within those previous sales territories. Wash. Rev. 6 Code § 49.62.010(4); see also Pac. Aerospace & Electronics, Inc, 295 F.Supp.2d at 7 1216 (finding restrictive covenant reasonable because “it was a fair method for 8 protecting the employer’s customer base” that did not “wholly prevent” the former 9 employee “from engaging in his profession.”). Furthermore, there is an additional 10 degree of subjective control reserved by NuVasive and neXus as to which “lines or 11 products” are considered to be in competition with NuVasive products. 12 As written, the provision effectively operates as a noncompetition covenant 13 and as such is subject to the statutory requirements of Wash. Rev. Code § 49.62.020. 14 Accordingly, section 4.2 prohibiting the sale of competitor products within the sales 15 territory previously serviced by Mr. Robins and Mr. Arthun on behalf of neXus is 16 unenforceable in part for the same reasons discussed supra regarding the 17 noncompetition covenants: failure to provide written notice of future enforcement 18 and failure to meet the requisite salary level. 19 The Court will address the reasonableness of the remaining obligations and 20 NuVasive and neXus’ allegations that Mr. Robins and Mr. Arthun are violating the 21 same infra. ORDER DENYING NUVASIVE, INC. & NEXUS SURGICAL INNOVATION, INC.’S MOTIONS FOR PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION ~ 16 Case 2:20-cv-00292-RMP 1 2 ECF No. 28 filed 12/03/20 PageID.408 Page 17 of 31 C. Reasonableness Even if the statutory requirements were satisfied, which the Court finds that 3 they are not, the Court still must consider whether enforcing the restrictive 4 covenants is reasonable. A Place for Mom v. Perkins, 2020 WL 4430997 at *5. To 5 decide whether a restrictive covenant is reasonable involves a consideration of three 6 factors: 7 (1) whether restraint is necessary for the protection of the business or goodwill of the employer; 8 9 (2) whether it imposes upon the employee any greater restraint than is reasonably necessary to secure the employer's business or goodwill; and 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 (3) whether the degree of injury to the public is such loss of the service and skill of the employee as to warrant nonenforcement of the covenant. Emerick v. Cardiac Study Ctr., Inc., P.S., 357 P.3d 696, 701 (Wash. Ct. App. 2015). Since the noncompetition covenants are unenforceable pursuant to Chapter 49.62, the Court focuses its analysis on the reasonableness of the nonsolicitation obligations. Specifically, the Court will analyze the reasonableness of Section 4.1, which precludes the sales representatives from inducing any employee or independent contractor of neXus to cease such employment, as well as Section 4.2, which precludes the sales representatives from soliciting current or former customers to purchase products that compete with NuVasive products. ECF No. 21-1 at 4–5, 22-1 at 4–5. ORDER DENYING NUVASIVE, INC. & NEXUS SURGICAL INNOVATION, INC.’S MOTIONS FOR PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION ~ 17 Case 2:20-cv-00292-RMP 1 2 ECF No. 28 filed 12/03/20 PageID.409 Page 18 of 31 i. Necessity First, the Court considers whether the restraint is necessary to protect a party’s 3 business. See id. “Washington provides broad protection to tangible and intangible 4 business interests and goodwill.” Amazon.com, Inc. v. Moyer, 417 F. Supp. 3d 1388, 5 1396 (W.D. Wash. 2019). “[T]he law in Washington is clear that an employer has a 6 legitimate interest in protecting its existing client base and in prohibiting the 7 employee from taking [its] clients.” Emerick, 357 P.3d at 722 (internal citations and 8 quotation marks omitted). Therefore, to show necessity, a party must demonstrate 9 that a protectable interest exists, and that opposing party’s actions could pose a 10 threat to that interest if not adequately restrained. See id. at 723 (“It is the potential 11 to compete—not the actual competition—that makes the noncompete necessary.”). 12 NuVasive and neXus have demonstrated that protectable goodwill and 13 business interests exist with respect to their existing surgeon-customers. NuVasive 14 and neXus contend that the spinal hardware industry is highly competitive. Case 15 No. 2:20-cv-331-RMP, ECF No. 1 at 3. Mr. Arthun’s and Mr. Robin’s new 16 employer, Alphatec, is a direct competitor of NuVasive and neXus. Id. at 6. Due to 17 the industry’s highly competitive nature, Alphatec also purportedly requires its 18 employees to sign noncompete agreements as a condition to employment. Id. at 3. 19 Alphatec allegedly sells its products to a similar customer base, including surgeon- 20 customers whom Mr. Robins and Mr. Arthun previously had supported on behalf of 21 NuVasive as neXus. Id. at 7; Arthun Complaint at 10. ORDER DENYING NUVASIVE, INC. & NEXUS SURGICAL INNOVATION, INC.’S MOTIONS FOR PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION ~ 18 Case 2:20-cv-00292-RMP 1 ECF No. 28 filed 12/03/20 PageID.410 Page 19 of 31 Mr. Robins and Mr. Arthun argue that because NuVasive is in the process of 2 purchasing neXus, no restraint is necessary for the protection of the business or 3 goodwill of the employer in this case, neXus. ECF Nos. 19 at 7; 25 at 7. The Court 4 does not find this argument persuasive. The Agreements explicitly state that 5 NuVasive has the authority to enforce its provisions as a third-party beneficiary to 6 the Agreement. NeXus was an exclusive sales agent of NuVasive products in 7 Washington, Montana, Utah, Wyoming, and Idaho. Robins Complaint at 2. To the 8 extent that neXus has protectable interests, NuVasive shares those same interests in 9 the sale of its products to customers in neXus’ former sales region, notwithstanding 10 11 12 13 14 neXus’ dissolution as a separate entity. Accordingly, the Court finds that there is a protectable business interest and that a nonsolicitation agreement is necessary to protect those interests. ii. Scope Second, the Court looks to whether the restraint is greater than reasonably 15 necessary for the protection of the business or goodwill of the employer. Emerick, 16 357 P.3d at 703. Specifically, the Court considers a covenant’s geographic and 17 temporal scope. Id. 18 With respect to a covenant’s geographic scope, “[i]t is reasonable for the 19 employer to preclude the employee from servicing those who were clients of the 20 employer during the period of employment and for a period after the cessation of 21 employment.” Id. at 1063 (quoting Perry v. Moran, 748 P.2d 224, 229 (Wash. ORDER DENYING NUVASIVE, INC. & NEXUS SURGICAL INNOVATION, INC.’S MOTIONS FOR PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION ~ 19 Case 2:20-cv-00292-RMP ECF No. 28 filed 12/03/20 PageID.411 Page 20 of 31 1 1987)); see also Seabury & Smith, Inc. v. Payne Fin. Grp., Inc. 393 F.Supp.2d 1057, 2 1062 (E.D. Wash. 2005) (upholding nonsolicitation covenant as reasonable because 3 it was “limited in duration to the relatively short time period of one-year” and 4 “reasonably limited in scope to Plaintiff’s clients who were solicited or serviced 5 during employee’s term of service with Plaintiff.”). 6 Here, Section 4.2 is reasonable in scope as its restrictions on solicitation are 7 limited to the sales territory that the employees serviced on behalf of NuVasive and 8 neXus. ECF Nos. 21-1 at 4–5, 22-1 at 4–5. 9 10 11 12 13 However, with respect to soliciting current or former surgeon-customers, section 4.2 states: I will not solicit (directly or indirectly) any current or former customers of neXus Surgical or NuVasive to purchase any products or lines that, in neXus Surgical’s reasonable judgment, compete with NuVasive Products or other products represented by neXus Surgical within that territory. 14 ECF No. 21-1 at 5, 22-1 at 5. As noted above, the Court finds that the ability of 15 NuVasive and neXus to determine which products or lines in their “reasonable 16 judgment” compete with NuVasive Products is an overbroad reservation of 17 discretion. An employer’s unilateral decision as to which products a former 18 employee may or may not sell or endorse is contrary to the purpose of the statute, 19 which is to provide workplace mobility, especially if the determination is made only 20 after the solicitation already occurred. 21 ORDER DENYING NUVASIVE, INC. & NEXUS SURGICAL INNOVATION, INC.’S MOTIONS FOR PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION ~ 20 Case 2:20-cv-00292-RMP 1 ECF No. 28 filed 12/03/20 PageID.412 Page 21 of 31 With respect to temporal scope, courts have found that restrictions with a 2 duration of one-year are reasonable. See Seabury & Smith, Inc., 393 F.Supp.2d at 3 1062. In this case, the nonsolicitation restrictions extend for one year after the end 4 of the employee’s term of employment. ECF Nos. 21-1 at 4, 22-1 at 4. However, 5 the Agreements state that the one-year period during which the restrictions are 6 applicable “shall toll for any period of time in which the sales representative is not in 7 compliance.” ECF Nos. 21-1 at 5, 22-1 at 5. The tolling of the period of time that 8 restrictions remain in effect is not per se unreasonable. See Emerick, 357 P.3d at 9 706 (finding that court was within its equitable authority when it tolled the running 10 of the restrictive covenant so former employee could not benefit from the expiration 11 of the covenant due to pending litigation). 1 12 13 Therefore, the Court finds that the nonsolicitation obligations found in Sections 4.1 and 4.2 impose a reasonable restraint on former employers. 14 15 1 16 17 18 19 20 21 Under Washington’s new non-compete law, a noncompetition covenant with a duration exceeding eighteen months is presumptively unreasonable and unenforceable. Wash. Rev. Code § 49.62.020(2). To rebut this presumption, a party seeking enforcement must prove by clear and convincing evidence that a duration longer than eighteen months is necessary to protect the party’s business or goodwill. Id. The Court notes that the restrictions on their face do not exceed eighteen months in duration but, with tolling, there is a possibility that an employee would be subject to the restrictions for more than eighteen months. The statute does not address whether the presumption of unreasonableness would be triggered if a noncompetition covenant exceeded eighteen months due to tolling. ORDER DENYING NUVASIVE, INC. & NEXUS SURGICAL INNOVATION, INC.’S MOTIONS FOR PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION ~ 21 Case 2:20-cv-00292-RMP 1 2 iii. ECF No. 28 filed 12/03/20 PageID.413 Page 22 of 31 Public Policy Third, courts consider whether enforcement of the covenant creates a 3 possibility of harm to the public, balanced against the employer’s right to protect its 4 business. Emerick, 357 P.3d at 705. “Such harm may include restraint of trade, 5 limits on employment opportunities, and denial of public access to necessary 6 services.” Id. Neither party raises the issue of harm to the public nor is the Court 7 aware of a risk of harm to the public that would be created by enforcing the 8 nonsolicitation covenants. 9 2. Mr. Robins’ & Mr. Arthun’s Potential Breach of Restrictive Covenants 10 Having addressed the issues with enforceability, the Court next considers 11 whether NuVasive and neXus have made a “clear showing” of the likelihood that 12 Mr. Robins and Mr. Arthun breached the nonsolicitation covenants. 13 With respect to Section 4.1, which prohibits inducing another employee to 14 cease their relationship with neXus and become employed with a competing 15 business, there is no evidence that either Mr. Robins or Mr. Arthun induced or 16 attempted to induce other neXus employees to join Alphatec. Mr. Michael 17 Marquardt, a Spine Specialist for NuVasive/neXus, explored the possibility of 18 employment with Alphatec in the summer of 2020; however, Mr. Marquardt asserts 19 that Mr. Robins played no role in that process. ECF No. 25-3 at 4. 20 Section 4.2 prohibits an employee from directly or indirectly soliciting current 21 or former customers of neXus to purchase a competitor’s products. ECF No. 21-1 at ORDER DENYING NUVASIVE, INC. & NEXUS SURGICAL INNOVATION, INC.’S MOTIONS FOR PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION ~ 22 Case 2:20-cv-00292-RMP ECF No. 28 filed 12/03/20 PageID.414 Page 23 of 31 1 4–5, 22-1 at 4–5. NuVasive and neXus maintain that because “sales representatives 2 in the spine industry solicit their surgeon-customers on a near daily basis,” Mr. 3 Robins and Mr. Arthun are in breach of this provision by nature of their employment 4 with Alphatec. ECF No. 25 at 9. Mr. Robins and Mr. Arthun argue that there is no 5 evidence that they solicited any current or former NuVasive or neXus surgeon- 6 customers to stop using NuVasive products. ECF No. 8–9. Furthermore, they 7 contend that the surgeon-customers identified in the record independently decided to 8 discontinue or reduce their use of NuVasive products without Mr. Robins’ or Mr. 9 Arthun’s knowledge or involvement and prior to their leaving employment with 10 NuVasive. ECF Nos. 19 at 4; 21 at 8–10; 22 at 12–13. 11 Mr. Robins 12 NuVasive and neXus allege that Mr. Robins supported a surgery on behalf of 13 Alphatec performed on June 4, 2020, by Mr. Robins’ primary neXus/NuVasive 14 surgeon-customer, Dr. Dan Blizzard. Robins Complaint at 7. Mr. Robins contends 15 that in May of 2020, Dr. Blizzard had decided to transition to the use of Alphatec 16 products based upon communications with other surgeons, and informed Mr. Robins 17 of the same. ECF No. 22 at 12. Dr. Tohmeh allegedly began to use fewer NuVasive 18 products in 2019. Id. Both Drs. Blizzard and Tohmeh allegedly urged Mr. Robins 19 to consider employment with Alphatec. Id. at 13–14. Since Mr. Robins was on a 20 commission-based salary, and these surgeons were his primary customers, there was 21 a financial incentive to seek employment with Alphatec. Id. at 14. ORDER DENYING NUVASIVE, INC. & NEXUS SURGICAL INNOVATION, INC.’S MOTIONS FOR PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION ~ 23 Case 2:20-cv-00292-RMP 1 ECF No. 28 filed 12/03/20 PageID.415 Page 24 of 31 Mr. Robins separated from neXus on May 31, 2020 and immediately began 2 working for Alphatec. Case No. 2:20-cv-331-RMP, ECF No. 1-3. Mr. Robins 3 acknowledged that his Alphatec territory includes two former NuVasive/neXus 4 surgeon-customers, Drs. Dan Blizzard and Tony Tohmeh. Id. However, these 5 surgeons allegedly elected to use Alphatec products prior to Mr. Robins’ 6 employment with the company. Id. 7 Mr. Arthun 8 9 NuVasive and neXus allege that Mr. Arthun was supporting surgeries and soliciting surgeon-customer, Dr. Ben Smith, on behalf of Alphatec. Arthun 10 Complaint at 10. Mr. Robins contends that in May of 2020 Dr. Smith had made the 11 decision to transition to the use of Alphatec products and informed Mr. Arthun of 12 the same. ECF No. 21 at 8–9. Mr. Arthun allegedly accepted an employment offer 13 from Alphatec on June 16, 2020, and separated from neXus on June 21, 2020. 14 Arthun Complaint at 8. 15 NuVasive and neXus do not provide any evidence to contradict that these 16 surgeons’ decisions to switch to Alphatec products was independent and not at the 17 request of either Mr. Robins or Mr. Arthun. Furthermore, based on the potential 18 commissions associated with these surgeon-customers, it is likely that Mr. Robins 19 and Mr. Arthun were motivated to switch employers as a result of the surgeons’ 20 choice, rather than vice versa. 21 ORDER DENYING NUVASIVE, INC. & NEXUS SURGICAL INNOVATION, INC.’S MOTIONS FOR PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION ~ 24 Case 2:20-cv-00292-RMP 1 ECF No. 28 filed 12/03/20 PageID.416 Page 25 of 31 Aside from the allegations related to the aforementioned surgeon-customers, 2 NuVasive and neXus do not provide evidence that Mr. Robins and Mr. Arthun have 3 violated the restrictive covenants of their agreements other than broadly concluding 4 that the sales representative cannot perform their job for Alphatec without soliciting 5 NuVasive/neXus surgeon-customers. ECF Nos. 17-1 at 4, 25-2 at 5–6. There is not 6 a sufficient showing before the Court that this conclusion as applied to Mr. Robins 7 and Mr. Arthun is true. 8 NuVasive and neXus also fail to specify any other surgeon-customers whose 9 business NuVasive and neXus allegedly have lost as a result of Mr. Robins’ and Mr. 10 Arthun’s efforts on behalf Alphatec. Contra A Place for Mom, 2020 WL 4430997 at 11 *7 (finding that Plaintiff had demonstrated serious questions on the merits of breach 12 of contract claim with “evidence that it has in fact lost at least one referral source 13 and that Defendant solicited at least 20 more.”). Rather, NuVasive and neXus claim 14 that “Alphatec’s raid on neXus’ sales personnel negatively impacted its business and 15 its corporate valuation.” ECF No. 25-2 at 5. Alphatec is not a defendant to this 16 action and their alleged “raid” is not material to whether Mr. Robins or Mr. Arthun 17 are soliciting current or former surgeon-customers. 18 NuVasive and neXus claim that “[i]t is laughable to even suggest that the 19 Sales Reps . . . do not regularly solicit surgeons and/or medical facilities.” However, 20 two other former neXus sales professionals, Chad Marshall and Brian Sandilands, 21 were hired by Alphatec in late 2020. ECF No. 25-2 at 5. NuVasive and neXus did ORDER DENYING NUVASIVE, INC. & NEXUS SURGICAL INNOVATION, INC.’S MOTIONS FOR PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION ~ 25 Case 2:20-cv-00292-RMP ECF No. 28 filed 12/03/20 PageID.417 Page 26 of 31 1 not bring suit against Mr. Marshall and Mr. Sandilands, “because to 2 [NuVasive’s/neXus’] knowledge, they are complying with their restrictive 3 covenants.” Id. Assuming those sales representatives signed the same Agreement as 4 Mr. Robins and Mr. Arthun, and are performing similar duties on behalf of 5 Alphatec, the only way in which Mr. Marshall and Mr. Sandilands are complying 6 with their restrictive covenants, and Mr. Robins and Mr. Arthun are not, is if they 7 are in a different sales territory than that which they serviced on behalf of NuVasive 8 and neXus. Therefore, the Court finds that NuVasive and neXus have not 9 demonstrated a likelihood of success as to their claim that Mr. Robins and Mr. 10 Arthun breached the nonsolicitation provisions of their respective Agreements. 11 II. 12 Irreparable Harm NuVasive and neXus claim they have and will continue to suffer irreparable 13 harm because Mr. Robins and Mr. Arthun are actively solicitating the business of 14 NuVasive and neXus surgeon-customers on behalf of their competitor, Alphatec. 15 ECF No 6-1 at 13. 16 In order to obtain a preliminary injunction, a party must establish that 17 irreparable harm is likely. Winter, 555 U.S. at 22. Irreparable harm is defined as 18 harm for which there is no adequate legal remedy, such as an award of damages. 19 Rent-A-Ctr., Inc. v. Canyon Television & Appliance Rental, Inc., 994 F.2d 597, 603 20 (9th Cir. 1991). Evidence of “threatened loss of prospective customers or goodwill . 21 . . supports a finding of the [likelihood] of irreparable harm.” Stuhlbarg Intern Sales ORDER DENYING NUVASIVE, INC. & NEXUS SURGICAL INNOVATION, INC.’S MOTIONS FOR PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION ~ 26 Case 2:20-cv-00292-RMP ECF No. 28 filed 12/03/20 PageID.418 Page 27 of 31 1 Co., Inc. v. John D. Brush and Co., Inc., 240 F.3d 832, 841 (9th Cir. 2001). 2 Customer goodwill “relates to the positive reputation, public confidence in, and 3 customer loyalty to, an individual business entity.” True Organic Products, Inc v. 4 Cal. Organic Fertilizers Inc., 2019 WL 1023888 at *5 (E.D. Cal. March 4, 2019) 5 (citation omitted). 6 The Court finds that NuVasive and neXus have failed to show a likelihood of 7 irreparable harm for three reasons. First, there is no evidence that demonstrates that 8 NuVasive and neXus have lost surgeon-customers and associated “good will” 9 because of Mr. Robins and Mr. Arthun. Although NuVasive and neXus argue that it 10 will not be able to regain the business of those surgeons identified in the record 11 absent an injunction prohibiting Mr. Robins and Mr. Arthun from working with 12 these surgeons for one year, NuVasive and neXus have failed to proffer evidence 13 showing that the loss of the former surgeon-customers’ business was not already lost 14 prior to Mr. Robins’ and Mr. Arthun’s separation. ECF No. 17-1 at 3–4. In other 15 words, NuVasive and neXus have failed to show that the irreparable harm they now 16 allege actually was caused by Mr. Robins and Mr. Arthun, and not just a result of a 17 superior product or the competitive nature of the industry. 18 Second, a finding of irreparable harm based on future losses of surgeon- 19 customers is wholly speculative. NuVasive and neXus argue that the chances they 20 lose the business of other surgeons within Mr. Robins’ and Mr. Arthun’s former 21 sales territories increases if the sales representatives are not required to comply with ORDER DENYING NUVASIVE, INC. & NEXUS SURGICAL INNOVATION, INC.’S MOTIONS FOR PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION ~ 27 Case 2:20-cv-00292-RMP ECF No. 28 filed 12/03/20 PageID.419 Page 28 of 31 1 their noncompetition and nonsolicitation obligations. Id. at 4. However, because 2 NuVasive and neXus failed to provide evidence showing causation between the loss 3 of the identified surgeons and any actions by Mr. Robins or Mr. Arthun, the 4 conclusion that they will lose the business of other surgeons absent an injunction is 5 wholly speculative. Caribbean Marine Servs. Co., Inc. v. Baldrige, 844 F.2d 668, 6 674 (9th Cir.1988) (“Speculative injury does not constitute irreparable injury 7 sufficient to warrant granting a preliminary injunction.”). There is a lack of 8 evidence in the record to support such speculation. 9 Finally, the alleged loss of business is readily compensable by monetary 10 damages. Amylin Pharm., Inc. v. Eli Lilly & Co., 456 F. App'x 676, 678 (9th Cir. 11 2011) (“[L]ost profits due to lost sales generally constitutes the type of harm that is 12 fully compensable through money damages and therefore does not support 13 injunctive relief.”). Additionally, there is no evidence that Mr. Robins’ and Mr. 14 Arthun’s actions threaten to put NuVasive out of business. See Los Angeles 15 Memorial Coliseum Comm’n, 634 F.2d 1197, 1203 (9th Cir. 1980). Although 16 NuVasive and neXus claim that “Alphatec’s raid on neXus’ sales personnel 17 negatively impacted [NuVasive’s] business and its corporate valuation,” Alphatec is 18 not a defendant to this action and their alleged “raid” is not material as to whether 19 Mr. Robins or Mr. Arthun have caused or will cause NuVasive and neXus to suffer 20 “irreparable harm.” ECF No. 25-2. 21 ORDER DENYING NUVASIVE, INC. & NEXUS SURGICAL INNOVATION, INC.’S MOTIONS FOR PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION ~ 28 Case 2:20-cv-00292-RMP 1 ECF No. 28 filed 12/03/20 PageID.420 Page 29 of 31 Therefore, the Court finds that NuVasive and neXus have failed to make a 2 “clear showing” of the likelihood that it will suffer irreparable injury absent a 3 preliminary injunction. 4 III. Balance of Equities 5 NuVasive and neXus argue that the balance of equities tip in their favor 6 because absent an injunction, they will “forever lose the benefit of the Agreements’ 7 bargain . . . as they will not be permitted the appropriate time period to reestablish 8 their relationships with [ ] former surgeon-customers.” ECF No. 18 at 11. 9 To balance the hardships, the Court must “identify the possible harm caused 10 by the [injunction] against the possibility of harm caused by not issuing it.” Univ. of 11 Hawai’I Prof. Assembly v. Cayetano, 183 F.3d 1096, 1108 (9th Cir. 1999). Where 12 there are “serious questions” on the merits, the balance of hardships must tip sharply 13 in the moving party’s favor and the other factors must be satisfied for a preliminary 14 injunction to be issued. See Short, 893 F.3d at 675. 15 It is unlikely that Mr. Robins and Mr. Arthun will suffer any harm from an 16 injunction prohibiting the solicitation of their former NuVasive/neXus surgeon- 17 customers, especially where the record indicates they already are complying with the 18 nonsolicitation obligations. However, the purported harm identified by NuVasive 19 and neXus if an injunction is not issued, specifically the inability to regain the three 20 former-surgeon customers’ business, is not persuasive. The record indicates that this 21 business was lost prior to Mr. Arthun’s and Mr. Robins’ separation from neXus. ORDER DENYING NUVASIVE, INC. & NEXUS SURGICAL INNOVATION, INC.’S MOTIONS FOR PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION ~ 29 Case 2:20-cv-00292-RMP ECF No. 28 filed 12/03/20 PageID.421 Page 30 of 31 1 Injunctive relief is not an appropriate remedy for harm caused by the nature of a 2 market as opposed to harm caused by the intentional actions of a market participant. 3 Accordingly, NuVasive and neXus have not demonstrated that the balance of 4 equities tip sharply in their favor. 5 IV. Public Policy 6 Finally, the Court analyzes whether a preliminary injunction serves the public 7 interest. NuVasive and neXus argue that the public interest is benefited by the 8 proper enforcement of restrictive covenants. ECF No. 18 at 12. The Court finds that 9 the record is incomplete to support whether public interest is meaningfully 10 implicated by this dispute. To the extent that the public interest is implicated, 11 however, it favors workforce mobility which “is important to economic growth and 12 development.” Wash. Rev. Code § 49.62.005. 13 V. Conclusion 14 Upon considering the likelihood of success on the merits, irreparable harm, 15 the balance of equities, and the public interest, the Court finds that NuVasive and 16 neXus have not made a “clear showing” that demands an “extraordinary and drastic 17 remedy” of a preliminary injunction. Mazurek v. Armstrong, 520 U.S. 968, 972 18 (1997). 19 Accordingly, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED: 20 1. 21 NuVasive, Inc. & NeXus Surgical Innovation, Inc.’s Motion for Preliminary Injunction Against Matt Robins ECF No. 14, is DENIED. ORDER DENYING NUVASIVE, INC. & NEXUS SURGICAL INNOVATION, INC.’S MOTIONS FOR PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION ~ 30 Case 2:20-cv-00292-RMP 1 2 3 4 5 2. ECF No. 28 filed 12/03/20 PageID.422 Page 31 of 31 NuVasive, Inc. & NeXus Surgical Innovation, Inc.’s Motion for Preliminary Injunction Against Ronald V. Arthun, ECF No. 17, is DENIED. IT IS SO ORDERED. The District Court Clerk is directed to enter this Order and provide copies to counsel. DATED December 3, 2020. 6 7 s/ Rosanna Malouf Peterson ROSANNA MALOUF PETERSON United States District Judge 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 ORDER DENYING NUVASIVE, INC. & NEXUS SURGICAL INNOVATION, INC.’S MOTIONS FOR PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION ~ 31

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