State of Washington v. Jesse Antonio Moreno
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FILED
FEB 12, 2013
In the Office of the Clerk of Court
WA State Court of Appeals, Division III
THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION THREE
STATE OF WASHINGTON,
Respondent,
Respondent,
v.
JESSE ANTONIO MORENO,
No. 29692-0-III
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PUBLISHED OPINION
Appellant.
Brown, J. • Jesse Antonio Moreno appeals his convictions for first degree assault
and unlawful possession of a firearm. He mainly contends the trial court erred in denying
his motion to suppress evidence found in a car trunk searched pursuant to a search
warrant and in sentencing him to an above-range sentence based on a gang-aggravator
factor found by the jury. First, while Mr. Moreno argues his arrest was unlawful, we
conclude the challenged evidence was in any event seized pursuant to a valid search
warrant. Second, based on this record, we conclude the trial court acted within its
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discretion in ordering Mr. Moreno’s above-range sentence because sufficient evidence
supports the gang-aggravator determination. Additionally, we reject Mr. Moreno’s
merger-based offender score argument but agree with his arguments that a domestic
violence penalty and a jury fee were incorrectly imposed. Lastly, we find no merit in Mr.
Moreno’s pro se statement of additional grounds for review. Accordingly, we affirm Mr.
Moreno’s convictions and exceptional sentence, but remand for sentencing corrections.
FACTS
On October 15, 2009, Yakima Police Sergeant Joe Salinas responded to radio
reports of shots fired in the 1500 block of McKinley Avenue and a “male wearing white
jacket with dark jacket” seen running in a nearby alley. Report of Proceedings (RP) at
50. The ongoing reports started at 9:49 p.m. and continued with multiple 911 calls. A
nearby officer reported shots fired. Rapidly, logged reports added that a house at the
scene had been hit by gunfire and a vehicle was seen leaving the scene. Within about two
minutes, Sergeant Salinas saw a car driving out of an alley at the scene “moving
hurriedly,” considering the unpaved and rutted state of most alleys. RP at 52. Sergeant
Salinas blocked the car and turned on his emergency lights to investigate. Before being
instructed, one occupant put his hands up. The driver was later identified as Joshua
Bojorquez. The front seat passenger was Mr. Moreno. A juvenile occupied the rear seat.
The occupants were known by police to have Norteño gang associations.
Sergeant Salinas shined a spotlight into the car and found it odd “the driver’s
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wearing a red shirt.” RP at 57. Sergeant Salinas knew the area had a violent crime
history with many Sureño gang members living there who “claim blue” as their gang
color. RP at 47-48. The rival Norteño gang claims the color red. Sergeant Salinas
explained, “[n]obody wears a red shirt in that neighborhood unless they’re asking for
trouble, in my experience.” RP at 57. Considering all, he thought “this car is somehow
involved or . . . they can tell me more about what’s happened.” RP at 57. He became
more suspicious about the occupants’ Norteño ties as he questioned them. He noticed
Mr. Moreno had a distinctive haircut associated with the Norteño gang, a “Mongolian”
cut that involves a tuft of hair topping the head. RP at 63-64. Suspiciously, Mr.
Bojorquez denied he was the brother of Chris Bojorquez, a known Norteño gang member
even though the last name is uncommon.
Sergeant Salinas asked the occupants if they had heard any gunshots or were shot
at. Although the windows were rolled down, the occupants suspiciously denied hearing
shots. He explained “these individuals hadn’t heard anything, which leads me to believe
there’s more to the story.” RP at 66. Additionally suspicious, the occupants said they
were smoking marijuana while in the alley but the Sergeant did not smell marijuana,
although another officer at some time apparently did smell marijuana on the juvenile
passenger. While waiting for other officers to arrive, he removed Mr. Bojorquez before
turning to Mr. Moreno to “freeze the scene.” RP at 68. Controlling the scene was
required to investigate and secure the shooting scene and partly “so that they don’t have
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the time to communicate with each other and get their stories straight.” RP at 68. Mr.
Moreno was identified, frisked, handcuffed, and put in the back of a patrol car apart from
the others.
Mr. Bojorquez gave permission to search the car interior, but not the trunk. This
raised Sergeant Salinas’ suspicion because many people involved in illegal activity know
that a trunk or glove compartment cannot be searched without a warrant “and in five
years of running the gang unit, that’s exactly where they hid all their guns.” RP at 71.
He searched the car’s passenger compartment, finding no evidence related to a shooting
or marijuana use. Meanwhile, a witness approached and told Sergeant Salinas his house
had been hit by gunfire. At this point in the investigation, officers were still determining
if bullets came from the stopped car or whether they were directed at the car.
Sergeant Erik Hildebrand, gang unit supervisor, responded to the scene shortly
after 10:00 and took over the investigation after being advised of the circumstances by
Sergeant Salinas. Sergeant Hildebrand questioned Mr. Bojorquez about why he was in
the neighborhood. Sergeant Hildebrand explained: “[T]hese guys are all known and
documented north side gang members or associates in a well-known south side gang
neighborhood.” RP at 177. Mr. Bojorquez and Mr. Moreno basically gave the same
explanation of driving around, smoking marijuana, getting lost, and ending up in the
alley. The juvenile occupant added he was in the area to spray-paint graffiti. After
waiting for a drug recognition expert’s arrival, Mr. Bojorquez was arrested for driving
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offenses.
Sergeant Hildebrand interviewed Edgar Ortiz who repeated his earlier 911 report
that he had heard shots, looked through his bedroom window, and saw a man shooting a
gun near the corner of McKinley Avenue and Lewis Street who ran south on Lewis
toward the alley after firing. Sergeant Hildebrand drove Mr. Ortiz to where Mr. Moreno
was being held for a “show-up” identification. RP at 184. Mr. Ortiz tentatively
identified Mr. Moreno, believing he had the same hair and build as the shooter, but he
could not be sure because the shooter was wearing a hat and it was dark outside.
Officer Ileanna Salinas talked to several witnesses. They told her they had looked
in the alley after hearing gunshots and saw the car that police had stopped going east
down the alley. She found a black knit glove and a baseball cap in the alley. The glove
was later DNA1 connected to Mr. Moreno. The hat was later DNA connected to both Mr.
Moreno and Mr. Bojorquez. She helped search the vehicle interior and found a
sweatshirt she believed could be described as a dark jacket with a white stripe on the
sleeve. The glove matched one later found in the car’s trunk pursuant to a search
warrant. When found, the hat and glove seemed warm and dry even though it had been
wet out recently and the ground was muddy.
Based on the developed facts, Sergeant Hildebrand asked Officer Chris Taylor to
get a search warrant. Sergeant Hildebrand believed the car’s occupants were hiding guns
1
DeoxyriboNucleic Acid.
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in the trunk. Officer Taylor called Judge Susan Woodard around 10:50 p.m. to get the
warrant. He asked to search the trunk for firearms and firearm paraphernalia based on
sworn facts detailed in our analysis. Judge Woodard granted the warrant request. Officer
Taylor found a sawed-off .12 gauge shotgun, a .357 Magnum revolver with six empty .38
shell casings in the trunk. He later applied for and received a search warrant to search the
trunk for clothing, finding, a matching black knit glove and a dark sweatshirt with a white
lining. At trial, a ballistics expert opined that tests connected the revolver and casings to
slugs collected at the scene.
Around 11:00 p.m., Troy Caoile called the police to report someone had shot at
him. Sergeant Hildebrand spoke with him. Mr. Caoile related he had been walking north
up Lincoln Avenue when somebody in a blue car yelled something about “south side.”
RP at 189. At trial, Mr. Caoile testified it was “South side LVL,” and he believed the
blue car he saw stopped at the end of the alley was the same car from which someone
yelled “South side LVL.” RP at 1346. “LVL” refers to the Little Valley Locos subset of
the Sureños. RP at 1390. Mr. Caoile understood “South side LVL,” to refer to the
Sureños gang and said nothing in return. Mr. Caoile had lived in the area and knew
“north siders don’t go over there, and that’s where the Surenos are hanging out at.” RP at
1362. Mr. Caoile kept walking east on the 1500 block of McKinley Avenue until a man
jumped out from around the corner at Lewis Street and began shooting at him. He said
that the shooter had some facial hair and was wearing a black hooded sweatshirt over a
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baseball cap. Mr. Caoile first identified Mr. Moreno from a photo montage and later
identified Mr. Moreno at trial. Calling out “south side” Sergeant Hildebrand explained at
the suppression hearing would be useful for Norteños in identifying a rival gang member
as a target.
The State charged Mr. Moreno with first degree assault and unlawful possession of
a firearm. Mr. Moreno moved to suppress all of the evidence found in the trunk. The
court concluded that the stop and detention of Mr. Moreno was lawful and that evidence
in the trunk was obtained as a result of a valid search warrant rather than the arrest of Mr.
Moreno.
At trial, the State’s theory was a gang related shooting while “putting in work” by
Mr. Moreno with Mr. Bojorquez as an accomplice. Mr. Caoile testified as noted above
and identified Mr. Moreno as the shooter. Sergeant Salinas, Officer Salinas, and Sergeant
Hildebrand testified about particular characteristics of Yakima gangs. Sergeant Salinas
opined that the Norteños and Sureños are the largest Yakima gangs, giving specific
examples of appearance and behaviors. He explained the Norteños and Sureños “claim
an allegiance” to the colors red and blue, respectively. RP at 985. According to Officer
Salinas, the two gangs are rivals: “They see each other out on the street and it’s a
constant battle. It’s violence anywhere within the city. They see each other, it’s a fight,
it’s shots fired.” RP at 1061-62. Sergeant Salinas explained that northeast Yakima is
Norteño territory and north central Yakima in Sureño territory. He testified that gang
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members from the northeast “would load up in a car . . . and travel to the rival gang
neighborhood to cause trouble.” RP at 988. He said that gang members do not generally
drive to rival territory “to say hi” or visit relatives. RP at 1007.
Sergeant Hildebrand testified that Yakima gangs have unique customs, cultures,
and values and in Yakima, they are uniquely territorial. He explained:
Again, the unique thing for us in Yakima and working for the police
department here, talking to gang investigators elsewhere is that we have the
ability that if, if somebody from the gang unit recognizes a Norteno gang
member say driving down McKinley Avenue, our red flags, no pun
intended, are going to go up and we’re going, we’re going
to know something’s not right.
RP at 1393. He and Officer Salinas both explained being in rival gang territory often
meant the gangs are “putting in work.” RP at 1394. As an expectation of gang
membership in Yakima, Officer Salinas from her experience defined “putting in work” as
“to actively participa[te] in some act of violence on another gang member, or just a
random citizen who’s not affiliated with any gangs.” RP at 1062. Officer Salinas
testified putting in work is done because, “they get respect from other individuals in their
gang.” RP at 1064. Additionally, Sergeant Hildebrand explained the significance of
“putting in work” for Yakima gangs:
The gang itself and the members, they thrive on intimidation and fear, and
by gang members going out and putting in work, they basically gain
respect. . . . They gain respect, they gain rank . . . . Essentially that’s all
they have to do, to look forward to. Most of them don’t work. Most of
them don’t go to school. And they get basically recognition and support
from going out and putting in work. The more . . . work they put in, the
more recognized they are. . . . [T]hey have to go out and put in work if they
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want to be a part of the gang.
RP at 1394-95.
In closing, the State partly argued the DNA and ballistics evidence admitted during
trial pointed to Mr. Moreno as the shooter and emphasized evidence of a jail recording
showing Mr. Bojorquez admitted he was involved in a drive-by shooting. The State
explained how the “putting in work” evidence showed gang activity. The State
emphasized the aggrandizement evidence showed Mr. Bojorquez and Mr. Moreno were
Norteño gang members and yelling “South side LVL,” to Mr. Caoile was “targeting” a
potential rival gang member. RP at 1825. Regarding the gang aggravator instruction, the
State specifically argued “why would they be shooting at Mr. Caoile? There’s no other
reason, except for the fact he’s been misidentified as a rival gang member or gang
member in the neighborhood.” RP at 1839.
The jury found Mr. Moreno guilty of first degree assault and first degree unlawful
possession of a firearm. It found the crimes were committed “with intent to directly or
indirectly cause any benefit, aggrandizement, gain, profit, or other advantage to or for a
criminal street gang its reputation, influence, or membership.” Clerk’s Papers (CP) at
336, 251. The court imposed an aggravated exceptional sentence. Mr. Moreno appealed.
DISCUSSION
A. Evidence Suppression
The issue is whether the trial court should have excluded the evidence found in the
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trunk. Mr. Moreno contends the search warrant for the trunk followed from an unlawful
stop and arrest. While Mr. Moreno raises arguable issues regarding the initial stop and
extended detainment, we conclude, as did the trial court, that because the challenged
evidence was seized pursuant to valid search warrants the evidence collected from the car
trunk was in any event properly admissible at trial.
The Fourth Amendment prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures. State v.
Williams, 102 Wn.2d 733, 736, 689 P.2d 1065 (1984). “[W]arrantless searches and
seizures are per se unreasonable” unless the search or seizure falls within an exception to
the warrant requirement. Id. (citing State v. Houser, 95 Wn.2d 143, 149, 622 P.2d 1218
(1980)). The defendant must show that a seizure occurred. State v. Young, 135 Wn.2d
498, 510, 957 P.2d 681 (1998). A seizure occurs when, “due to an officer’s use of
physical force or display of authority, an individual’s freedom of movement is restrained
and the individual would not believe that he is free to leave or decline a request.” State v.
Beito, 147 Wn. App. 504, 508, 195 P.3d 1023 (2008). A driver may be seized when a
police officer pulls behind his car and activates his emergency lights. State v. DeArman,
54 Wn. App. 621, 624, 774 P.2d 1247 (1989). Sergeant Salinas seized Mr. Moreno by
blocking Mr. Bojorquez’s car with his patrol car and activating his emergency lights. The
question is whether that seizure was lawful under the totality of the circumstances.
The State must show a seizure falls within a warrant exception. State v. Armenta,
134 Wn.2d 1, 10, 948 P.2d 1280 (1997). If not the evidence obtained as a result of the
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seizure must be suppressed. State v. Kennedy, 107 Wn.2d 1, 4, 726 P.2d 445 (1986). We
review findings of fact made in a ruling on a motion to suppress for substantial evidence.
State v. O’Neill, 148 Wn.2d 564, 571, 62 P.3d 489 (2003). Mr. Moreno assigns error to
various findings, but does not support the assignments with argument. Those findings are
then verities on appeal. See State v. Ross, 106 Wn. App. 876, 880, 26 P.3d 298 (2001).
We review the court’s conclusions of law de novo. Id.
Mr. Moreno first contends Sergeant Salinas conducted an unlawful Terry2 stop
because he stopped the car on nothing more than a hunch. According to Mr. Moreno, the
innocuous facts identified by Sergeant Salinas—Mr. Moreno’s location in the alley, the
car moving “hurriedly,” and one of the car’s occupants wearing a red shirt in a Sureño
neighborhood—were not enough to justify the stop. The State responds that the totality
of the circumstances justified the initial stop. Considering the totality of the
circumstances, we agree.
The Terry stop is an exception to the warrant requirement. State v. Hendrickson,
129 Wn.2d 61, 71, 917 P.2d 563 (1996). The purpose of a Terry stop “‘is to allow the
police to make an intermediate response to a situation for which there is no probable
cause to arrest but which calls for further investigation.’” Armenta, 134 Wn.2d at 16
(quoting Kennedy, 107 Wn.2d at 17 (Dolliver, J., dissenting) (citations omitted)). Law
enforcement may make a Terry stop when an officer can “‘point to specific and
2
Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S. Ct. 1868, 20 L. Ed. 2d 889 (1968).
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articulable facts which, taken together with rational inferences from those facts,
reasonably warrant that intrusion.’” State v. Glover, 116 Wn.2d 509, 514, 806 P.2d 760
(1991) (quoting Terry, 392 U.S. at 21). In other words, “[t]he circumstances must
suggest a substantial possibility that the particular person has committed a specific crime
or is about to do so.” State v. Martinez, 135 Wn. App. 174, 180, 143 P.3d 855 (2006)
(citing State v. Garcia, 125 Wn.2d 239, 242, 883 P.2d 1369 (1994)).
We look at the totality of the circumstances. Glover, 116 Wn.2d at 514 (citing
United States v. Cortez, 449 U.S. 411, 418, 101 S. Ct. 690, 66 L. Ed. 2d 621 (1981)).
This includes the officer’s training and experience. Id. A Terry stop should be minimally
intrusive in that the seizure must be “‘reasonably related in scope to the justification for
[its] initiation.’” Armenta, 134 Wn.2d at 16 (quoting Kennedy, 107 Wn.2d at 17
(Dolliver, J., dissenting) (internal quotations marks omitted) (citations omitted)). A
hunch alone does not warrant police intrusion into people’s everyday lives. State v.
Doughty, 170 Wn.2d 57, 63, 239 P.3d 573 (2010). And innocuous facts alone do not
justify a stop. State v. Tijerina, 61 Wn. App. 626, 629, 811 P.2d 241 (1991). Being in a
high-crime area at night, for example, is not enough to justify a stop when there is no
evidence that a particular crime had been committed. See Glover, 116 Wn.2d at 514;
State v. Thompson, 93 Wn.2d 838, 842, 613 P.2d 525 (1980); Martinez, 135 Wn. App. at
180; State v. Richardson, 64 Wn. App. 693, 697, 825 P.2d 754 (1992).
A police officer may rely on his experience to evaluate apparently innocuous facts.
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Martinez, 135 Wn. App. at 180 (citing State v. Samsel, 39 Wn. App. 564, 570-71, 694
P.2d 670 (1985). Facts “which appear innocuous to the average person may appear
incriminating to a police officer in light of past experience.” Samsel, 39 Wn. App. at
570. Police officers are not required to set aside that experience. Id. at 570-71. Mr.
Moreno argues the stop here was based on nothing more than a hunch. But here, officers
were essentially responding to a crime in progress. See Thompson, 93 Wn.2d at 842;
Martinez, 135 Wn. App. at 181-82. Multiple reports of gunfire had been reported one
block away just moments before the stop. Sergeant Salinas had considerable experience
with gangs in this specific area. He knew the shots came in a Sureño neighborhood. He
saw Mr. Bojorquez was wearing a red shirt, associated with the rival Norteño gang. He
knew people would not be expected to wear red in a Sureño neighborhood. He saw the
car hurriedly leaving the alley given the poor alleyway conditions. Given all, Sergeant
Salinas reasonably believed “this car is somehow involved or . . . they can tell me more
about what’s happened.” RP at 57.
Mr. Moreno next contends he was unlawfully arrested when he was handcuffed
and placed in the patrol car. But he fails to persuade us any of the challenged evidence
was tainted by any unlawful arrest; thus, we need not analyze this contention. See Wong
Sun v. United States, 371 U.S. 471, 83 S. Ct. 407, 9 L. Ed. 2d 441 (1963). Evidence
derived from unlawful police conduct may be suppressed under the exclusionary rule.
State v. Gaines, 154 Wn.2d 711, 716-17, 116 P.3d 993 (2005). Under the “fruit of the
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poisonous tree doctrine,” this rule applies to evidence obtained directly or indirectly from
police conduct. State v. Tan Le, 103 Wn. App. 354, 361, 12 P.3d 653 (2000). This
requires a causal link between the unlawful police conduct and the evidence obtained.
State v. Rothenberger, 73 Wn.2d 596, 600-01, 440 P.2d 184 (1968).
Mr. Moreno does not persuasively argue, nor do we see, any causal connection
between the unlawful arrest and the search warrant. See id. Nor does he challenge the
sufficiency of the search warrant application. Indeed, a review of the search warrant
application shows Mr. Moreno’s unlawful arrest did not lead to the search warrant.
Again, the first warrant application contained the following facts:
• At 9:49 p.m., dispatch received a call regarding shots fired near the 1500
block of McKinley Avenue
• A witness saw a man running south down the alley and the man was
wearing a dark jacket with a white jacket
• Officers saw a man running down the alley
• Officers observed a car in the McKinley Avenue’s south alley
• The car contained two known Norteño members and a known Norteño
associate
• Officers observed a black jacket with a white lining in the backseat of the
car
• Officers saw bullet holes at 1507 and 1509 McKinley Avenue
• Officers found .22 caliber casings
• A victim said that the shooter ran south bound down the alley
Ex. J. The police obtained most of this evidence from sources other than Mr. Moreno.
The sole evidence obtained from Mr. Moreno was his admission of Norteño ties, a fact
already known to law enforcement and additionally verified during the valid Terry stop.
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Accordingly, the evidence gathered from the trunk was not the fruit of Mr. Moreno’s
unlawful arrest and the court correctly admitted the evidence. The second warrant
application for the clothing is not separately contested.
B. Criminal Street Gang Finding
Mr. Moreno next contends insufficient evidence supports the jury’s finding that he
committed these crimes to advance his position in a criminal street gang. He contends (1)
evidence presented on the issue is condemned profile evidence; (2) no nexus exists
between the crimes and gang membership; and (3) the evidence is speculative concerning
the gang aggravating factor.
A finding of fact supporting an exceptional sentence will be reversed solely when
“no substantial evidence” supports it. State v. Jeannotte, 133 Wn.2d 847, 856, 947 P.2d
1192 (1997) (citing State v. Grewe, 117 Wn.2d 211, 218, 813 P.2d 1238 (1991)). A court
may impose a sentence higher than the standard range if a jury finds “[t]he defendant
committed the offense with the intent to directly or indirectly cause any benefit,
aggrandizement, gain, profit, or other advantage to or for a criminal street gang as defined
in RCW 9.94A.030, its reputation, influence, or membership.” RCW 9.94A.535(3)(aa).
“Criminal street gang” is defined as
any ongoing organization, association, or group of three or more persons,
whether formal or informal, having a common name or common identifying
sign or symbol, having as one of its primary activities the commission of
criminal acts, and whose members or associates individually or collectively
engage in or have engaged in a pattern of criminal street gang activity.
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RCW 9.94A.030(12).
Mr. Moreno relies on State v. Suarez-Bravo and State v. Scott to argue the
evidence is insufficient to support the street gang sentence enhancement. State v. SuarezBravo, 72 Wn. App. 359, 864 P.2d 426 (1994); State v. Scott, 151 Wn. App. 520, 213
P.3d 71 (2009). Specifically, he argues the evidence of gang membership was inherently
prejudicial criminal profile evidence used to make a random act of violence appear gang
related. Br. of Appellant at 21 (citing Suarez-Bravo, 72 Wn. App. at 365). He argues the
State showed no nexus between the first degree assault and gang membership. Br. of
Appellant at 22 (citing Scott, 151 Wn. App. at 526-27). Suarez-Bravo and Scott are not
helpful. Both address evidence admissibility, not evidence sufficiency. See Scott, 151
Wn. App. at 526 (evidence of gang membership is not relevant unless evidence shows a
nexus between the crime and gang membership); Suarez-Bravo, 72 Wn. App. at 364-65
(concluding evidence defendant lived in a high-crime area was too prejudicial and it
“smacks of profile evidence” because it merely suggested that the defendant was a
criminal type).
No case law addresses the criminal street gang sentencing enhancement. But
several cases address whether evidence sufficiently supported a similar aggravating factor
if the “defendant committed the offense to obtain or maintain his or her membership or to
advance his or her position in the hierarchy of an organization, association, or identifiable
group.” RCW 9.94A.535(3)(s). Cases addressing that statute have required a nexus
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between the crime charged and the defendant’s actual gang-related motivations. State v.
Bluehorse, 159 Wn. App. 410, 431, 248 P.3d 537 (2011).
Some evidence must show gang involvement actually motivated the defendant to
commit a crime to support RCW 9.94A.535(3)(s)’s gang aggravating factor. State v.
Yarbrough, 151 Wn. App. 66, 210 P.3d 1029 (2009). In Yarbrough, Mr. Yarbrough
yelled gang-related insults and challenges before shooting two people. 151 Wn. App. at
97. The evidence showed Mr. Yarbrough’s gang had a run-in with a rival gang a few
days prior to the shooting and that Mr. Yarbrough believed that the victims were
members of that rival gang. Id. In State v. Monschke, 133 Wn. App. 313, 135 P.3d 966
(2006), Mr. Monschke and three other white supremacists beat a homeless man to death.
133 Wn. App. at 318-19. In both cases, some evidence showed the defendants committed
their crimes because of their gang membership. Testimony from police or other gang
experts is insufficient, standing alone, to support the aggravating factor. Bluehorse, 159
Wn. App. at 431.
Here, sufficient evidence showed Mr. Moreno had ties to the Norteños gang and
Mr. Moreno acknowledged those ties. Mr. Moreno and two others identified as having
Norteños ties were, without credible reason, found in Sureños territory hurriedly leaving
the scene of a reported shooting. Police expert testimony sufficiently showed specific
local gang facts: (1) the Norteños rivaled the Sureños and both gangs were uniquely
territorial, not invading rival gang turf without specific reason, (2) Norteños sometimes
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came to Sureños territory to put in work, (3) putting in work was a way of maintaining or
improving one’s status in a gang, and (4) putting in work included committing random
acts of violence or attacking rival gang members. Significantly, Mr. Caoile testified a
person in the front passenger side of a blue car he identified as Mr. Moreno called out the
gang name “South side LVL” to him shortly before Mr. Moreno shot at him. RP at 1346.
“LVL” refers to the Little Valley Locos subset of the Sureños. RP at 1390.
From these facts, the State could and did argue Mr. Moreno was putting in work
when shooting at Mr. Caoile either as a random act of violence, or more likely a
misidentified rival gang member. The jury could, in weighing the testimony and deciding
credibility from the sufficient evidence presented, infer the assault was committed to
directly or indirectly cause benefit to a gang. Considering all, we conclude, the evidence
shows a sufficient nexus between the crime and gang membership to prove the gang
aggravator. Therefore, the sentencing court properly imposed an exceptional sentence.
C. Offender Score
Mr. Moreno next contends the trial court incorrectly calculated his offender score.
He argues, because gun possession elevated second degree assault to first degree assault,
first degree assault and unlawful possession of a firearm should have merged for purposes
of calculating his offender score. The State responds that the crimes do not merge
because unlawful possession of a firearm is not necessarily committed every time a
person commits first degree assault.
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Whether two crimes merge is a question of law we review de novo. See State v.
Freeman, 153 Wn.2d 765, 770, 772-73, 108 P.3d 753 (2005). The merger doctrine is a
rule of statutory construction. State v. Vladovic, 99 Wn.2d 413, 420-21, 662 P.2d 853
(1983). The goal of the merger doctrine, as with any rule of statutory construction, is to
determine the legislature’s intent. State v. Sweet, 138 Wn.2d 466, 478, 980 P.2d 1223
(1999).
The legislature intended to “punish both offenses through a greater sentence for
the greater crime” when two crimes merge. Freeman, 153 Wn.2d at 773. Two crimes
merge when one crime is elevated to a higher degree by committing another act that the
criminal statutes also define as a crime. Vladovic, 99 Wn.2d at 421. If one crime
(unlawful possession of a firearm) need not be committed to elevate another crime (first
degree assault) to a higher degree, the two crimes at issue do not merge. See id. at 42122.
The crimes here are first degree assault and unlawful possession of a firearm. “A
person is guilty of assault in the first degree if he or she, with intent to inflict great bodily
harm . . . [a]ssaults another with a firearm.” RCW 9A.36.011(1)(a); CP at 13. Assaulting
a person with a “deadly weapon” is second degree assault. RCW 9A.36.021(1)(c). So,
assaulting another with a firearm, rather than any other deadly weapon, raises second
degree assault to first degree assault. Unlawful possession of a firearm is when a “person
owns, has in his or her possession, or has in his or her control any firearm after having
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No. 29692-0-III
State v. Moreno
previously been convicted . . . in this state . . . of any serious offense as defined by this
chapter.” RCW 9.41.040(1)(a).
Unlawful possession of a firearm does not elevate second degree assault to first
degree assault because one need not unlawfully possess a firearm to raise second degree
assault to first degree assault. See RCW 9A.36.011(1)(a). An assault with a firearm is
first degree assault regardless of whether the assaulter had previously been convicted of a
serious offense. See RCW 9A.36.011(1)(a). The two crimes therefore do not merge.
Accordingly, first degree assault and unlawful possession of a firearm were properly
counted as separate crimes.
D. Domestic Violence Assessment and Jury Fee
Mr. Moreno contends and the State properly concedes the court improperly
imposed a $100 domestic violence assessment and a $5,780.50 jury fee. We review de
novo a trial court’s interpretation of the relevant statutes. State v. Hathaway, 161 Wn.
App. 634, 652, 251 P.3d 253, review denied, 172 Wn.2d 1021 (2011).
Superior courts “may impose a penalty assessment not to exceed one hundred
dollars on any person convicted of a crime involving domestic violence.” RCW
10.99.080(1). “Domestic violence” includes first degree assault “committed by one
family or household member against another.” RCW 10.99.020(5)(a). The State
concedes no evidence shows Mr. Moreno and Mr. Caoile were family or household
members. Imposing the $100 domestic violence fee was therefore incorrect.
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No. 29692-0-III
State v. Moreno
The jury fee here surpassed a $250 statutory cap on jury fees. See Hathaway, 161
Wn. App. at 651-53. In Hathaway, Division Two of this court interpreted three statutory
provisions addressing jury fees and ultimately concluded that RCW 36.18.016(3)(b) caps
a “jury demand fee” at $250 when a 12-person jury is called in a criminal trial. 161 Wn.
App. at 653. The State here concedes the Hathaway analysis is correct. The jury fee
should have been capped at $250.
E. Statement of Additional Grounds (SAG)
First, Mr. Moreno argues pro se that the trial court erred in denying his suppression
motion because of factual errors in the application for the warrant to search the car’s
trunk. Second, he argues, as did his appointed counsel, that because his seizure was
improper, the evidence seized from the car’s trunk should have been suppressed.
Because we have adequately addressed the second argument above in our suppression
analysis, we address solely his first argument.
Mr. Moreno argues Officer Taylor misrepresented that police found a .22 caliber
bullet in the passenger compartment of the car and made other “multiple material
misrepresentations.” SAG at 1. A search warrant “must be voided and the fruits of the
search excluded” when a search warrant contains a false statement made knowingly,
intelligently, or with reckless disregard for the truth, and that statement is necessary to
establishing probable cause. Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154, 156, 98 S. Ct. 2674, 57
L. Ed. 2d 667 (1978). Mr. Moreno must make a “substantial preliminary showing” that
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No. 29692-0-III
State v. Moreno
the false statement was made knowingly, intelligently, or with reckless disregard for the
truth, and that statement is necessary to establishing probable cause. Franks, 438 U.S. at
155-56.
The trial court concluded, and we agree, Mr. Moreno presented no evidence that
such a misstatement was deliberate or reckless. The trial court properly denied Mr.
Moreno’s Franks motion.
We affirm the convictions and remand for sentence correction.
_________________________________
Brown, J.
I CONCUR:
____________________________
Korsmo, C.J.
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